Are we the bad guys? A frequently asked question. Many persons do not have an answer to this question, so they have to evade. This is the reason why this is posted in a Newsletter ... extracted from an official Star Wars book (© by West End Games), no evasion anymore:

"Everyone" knows the Empire is an evil institution. It shatters peaceful worlds, crushes freedom underfoot, enslaves non-human species, and seeks to dominate every aspect of a citizen's life.

Does this mean every adherent to the Imperial system is evil? Well, no. To be sure, there are those twisted and sardistic individuals who have found outlets for their dark tendencies within the Imperial system. (In fact, as Palpatine tightens his grip, it appears the Imperial military encourages such behavior.) However, few Imperial citizens would condone the more horrendous tasks the Emperor sets for his trusted servants, and still fewer would be capable of carrying them out. Most people swear allegiance to the Empire have higher motives for servring the Emperor. (Not much higher, in some cases, but higher nonetheless.)

A great many Imperial citizens are genuinely convinced that the Empire is an advancement over past political systems. They have embraced the propaganda and dogma of the New Order: that through the Imperial system, law and order are supplanting corruption and chaos, and that a little freedom must be sacrificed to assure everyone’s security and peace.

Others see in the Imperial system a way of getting ahead. Some human merchants who once had to compete with Herglic and Sullustan shippers eagerly supported their rise of a system which would see alien companies diabanded or curtailed and their own operations given perferences and lucrative contracts. A spoils system based on species rather than merit found a great many supporters among the mediocre.

The vast majority of people have little say in the way galactic governments are run, and affect a certain stoic attitude regarding galactic politics. Their goals are simply to hang on and get on with their lives, no matter what happens. They say what they must to be left alone, and do not make waves.

Do not misinterpret this to mean that there is no room for personal heroism within the Empire's institutions. Far from it. Despite the many disadvantages Imperial citizens and soldiers deal with everyday, many competent, caring, and capable persons are genuine heroes. Many do achieve fame, position and power through hard work and their own abilities. Along the way, however, many have a change of heart. Many eventually come to doubt whether they are fighting for the right side. Still others begin to question where it will all end. For some, questioning whether the fame, the position, and the power are worth it, after all, is the beginning of true heroism.

The bottom line is that Imperials are not a homogeneous lot. There are distinct sub-divisions among Imperial supporters, which may be broken down into four categories: elite, traditional, citizen, and renegade.

Angel pulled herself up.. wiped the tears from her eyes, even though she was a woman she was an officer and she knew she had to show some pride. RA Thrawn and SDIR Rogue knew the pain she was feeling and tried to comfort her.

"Don't worry about me.. Skittles is the one who is our main concern now"

Angel replied as she started to pace thinking of her next step.

"Thrawn gather up the rest of the squads and lets head back to base, we can get our plans together there... Oh and we will need someone to fly back Skittles Tie"

Thrawn nodded, "no need to worry Angel I will take care of everything"

Back at base all the squads had arrived. Angel requested a meeting so that the rescue of Skittles would be soon underway. Brad as well as Thrawn, Trak, Tycho, Blake and the others had some good ideas, but the biggest concern was to find her location.

Everyone seemed tired so Angel ordered the pilots to go on home and eat a good meal then get some rest. Brad, Thrawn, and Trak stayed with Angel to get a few of their ideas into a solid plan. Hours went by of endless discussion.. but still they needed to know where Skittles was.

Thrawn got up from his chair.. "Well I think now we need to sleep.. we will all think clearer then"

Angel nodded.. "Ok guys.. Thrawn is right.. thanks for helping I will see you all at 0900."

Brad and Trak agreed and went on home, Thrawn hung around to make sure Angel was ok and walk her home. Angel started to shut off the lights when the comm went off.. it was Skittles!

"Angel can you hear me? I don’t know how much time till they find me gone.. but I am on Kamarso far I am.......

Just then there was a strong stern voice... "Hey!! You!! What are you doing? get away from there... "

Angel knew from the sound of that.. that Skittles was found, "Thrawn.. did you hear that.. now we can go rescue her." Angel was so excited.. she stumbled over a chair..

"yes I know..Thrawn said as he reached to help Angel up..

"but you know how big Kamar is and what is like.."

Kamar was a desert terrain with areas of secluded Rebel bases. It was a very tight planet that the Rebels guarded well.

Angel frowned... "But it isn’t impossible... Is it??"

"No, nothing is impossible if you want it bad enough, but you have to know the dangers involved." Thrawn encouraged.

Angel glanced toward Thrawn.. "I understand and I don’t want to endanger any of our pilots, that is why I will go alone on this mission."

Thrawn grabbed Angel’s arm.."NO!! There is no way.. you are going to do this alone.. It is too dangerous!!

I will be there with you and we will just see once we explain the risks, who else will participate in the rescue."

Angel nodded as a tear fell down her cheek.. "Thank you! This means a lot to me and I know it will to Skittles also."

"Now let’s go get some sleep.. we are gonna need all the strength we can to make this mission successful."

Thrawn walked Angel home.."I will see you tomorrow morning, try to get some sleep OK!!"

Angel nodded and went inside..feeling very exhausted.. She made herself comfortable and crashed on her bed, her mind was racing wondering how things were gonna turn out. She looked at the clock, time was moving slow, she picked up the phone and called Tycho..

"Hey.. I didn’t wake you did I? Tycho cleared his throat..

"Angel, no, you don’t worry! You know you can call me anytime, you know that don’t you.. what is up??"

"Well..we got some sort of good news, Skittles tried to make contact with us, she was able to tell us her location, but a Rebel caught her.. I am so worried about her.. What if they do something terrible to her??"

Tycho sternly answers.. "Don’t worry.. Things will be ok.. If they wanted her dead.. She would of been dead already"

Angel sighed heavy.. "I know.. You are right, you are always right.. thanks.. I needed some good support and encouragement... Now the main problem is the planet she is at? It isn’t the most popular place for an Imperial to arrive at."

"There you go again! Don’t you ever listen to a word I say?? Now go get some sleep.. I will be there in the morning to get you and we will make this happen!"

Angel agreed and said her goodnights and before her head hit the pillow she was asleep. Morning came not soon enough.. Angle phoned SDIR Rogue and filled him in on all the details, then got dressed in her black jump suit and headed out the door. Tycho pulled up to get her..

"Good morning.. You ready to do this?"

Angel nodded.. "Yes, let’s get started.. I told the rest of the guys to meet me at headquarters"

Thrawn, Brad, Trak and the others were already there seated and ready for orders. Angel walked to her desk pulled out a few packets of paper.

"Before I get started I have to tell you the risks in this and I will understand if you don’t or can’t help in the mission and I actually only need a few pilots to help with this."

Thrawn, Brad, Trak and Tycho volunteered to help.

"Ok guys.. here is what we know so far.. But first I want to Thank you all for helping with this.." Angel walked over and sat down at her chair...

"We need to get onto Kanar and not be seen by the Rebels.. I know we can do it.!"

The five of them continued to work out the rough edges and started to prepare for take off. Angel ran to get her blaster and a few other things she needed, as she turned the corner she ran into something or someone. Angel kinda grinned,

"Oh excuse me.. I am in a hurry and I didn’t see you coming.. Please forgive me."

A strong accented voice answered..

"I see you are the same as always.."

Angel looked up, she knew that voice quite well..

"Dark Raptor.. M’Knight.. You are home! I can’t believe it.. I have missed you so much!!"

Angel dropped everything and hugged DrkRaptor tight. Tears started to fall. She was so excited she couldn’t believe her eyes. DrkRaptor held her tight.

"Yes, m’lady it is me.. But I am sad to say that I am only here for a short time.. I must take leave of you again. I am sorry but I had to just see you and know you were ok."

Angel smiled.. "you always take care of me don’t you? But I have some sad news. Skittles was kidnapped while we were on a mission and we are getting ready to take off now to get her."

"Well do you need some help? I would most honorably wish to help you with this.. you know how much Skittles means to me." DrkRaptor helped Angel pick up her things she dropped.

Angel couldn’t help but smile..

"Of course I would love you to help.. if you have the time.. it would mean so much to me! Let’s hurry and get you ready. The others are waiting to take off.. I will fill you in on the way!"

Angel reached over and hugged DrkRaptor again.. so excited that he was in her life again.

As they reached the others you could see the surprise in the guys face as they saw DrkRaptor walk up with Angel.

"Look at who I found.. can you believe it? My husband has come to visit and he is gonna help us with the mission"

The guys all welcomed DrkRaptor and then continued preparing for take off. Soon they were ready to undergo their mission. Flying into Kamar was easier than what they thought. Which could of been planned that way by the Rebels. Which made them think there would be more surprises than they could of even imagined.

Once they landed and hid their planes in a rocky area which had a small cave. They unloaded all their gear and set up the necessary equipment and weapons needed to keep them safe from the Rebels. Angel got out the map and pointed out the areas that a base could be located. They decided to split up into two groups.. this would help to locate the base quicker. Brad, Tycho and Trak were headed over to the northern area of the planet. Thrawn, DrkRaptor and Angel went to the south.

"Be careful guys.. I don’t want anyone hurt or anymore kidnappings..If you see or hear anything radio us.

I think we should try to keep in touch constantly."

Angel made sure they knew what she wanted before they all got too far out of site. The air was very dry and hot. A wind was picking up and sand blowing everywhere, which made it hard to see at times. As Angel, DrkRaptor and Thrawn reached a massive hill.. they saw something shining as they got closer.

"Better get your blasters out before we get too close.. I have a feeling this is what we were looking for. Pretty clever on their part to make an underground base."

DrkRaptor grinned as they cautiously walked for a closer look. Thrawn moved up to the right to see if he could find a lowered spot in the sand that would mean a possible door or opening to the underground base. Angel radioed to the others to let them know what they had found. Tycho acknowledged.

"The only thing we have found was an abandoned underground base.. Trak and Brad have already checked it out but found nothing."

"Ok Tycho.. thank them for me.. and I will get back to you once we check this one out."

Thrawn found an opening...

"Hey.. come on over here.. I think this will lead into a tunnel through the base.. This is gonna be our best bet to get in and least obvious.."

DrkRaptor rushed to the right side of the opening..

"Here you go on in and Angel and I will cover you from here.. Let us know once you are inside and we can follow behind."

Thrawn slowly crawled through the narrow opening of the dark tunnel which lead into a 7'x 4' hallway, dim lights were spaced every 10-12 foot just enough to see more clearly.

Thrawn pulled out his comm,

"Looks a lot better up here, you got about 25 foot of crawl space then it opens to some kind of hallway."

Angel acknowledged, "Ok Thrawn, hang on we will be right there"

Angel and DarkRaptor proceeded to crawl through, they reached the hallway meeting Thrawn.

"Listen!!" DarkRaptor reached to stop Angel and Thrawn from walking, "I hear footsteps"

The three of them reached to draw their blasters. Just ahead a crew of Rebels came running firing shots. Thrawn dove to the left trying to find cover. DarkRaptor jumped pulling Angel to the ground while firing back at the Rebels, but it was too late, Angel was hit and the wound was deep in her upper thigh. Angel held back the pain as the three continued firing till they took out all six Rebels.

"Come on let’s get moving before more of them come!" Thrawn shouted.

DarkRaptor reached for Angel, "Come M’lady we must go!"

Angel tried to move hiding the wound, "M’LADY you are hurt!"

Angel grabbed her leg, "It’s ok, help me up we must go" DarkRaptor helped Angel to her feet, the blood was rushing from the wound. Thrawn came over to help, "Angel, you have to take care of that wound, let’s get you back to the ship."

"NO!!" Angel yelled, "we have to find Skittles"

DarkRaptor took off his shirt ripping it into strips, pulling out his knife grabbing Angel’s slacks at the ankle, slitting it up the side to her hip. "Here let’s get this tournaqet tied around your thigh to stop the bleeding." Angel pulled the pant leg open as DarkRaptor gently yet firmly tightened the cloth.

"Thrawn you go on ahead, I am gonna stay here with Angel and radio for the others to come for back up."

Thrawn nodded and ran down the hallway checking for anything that looked like a secret passage.

DarkRaptor sat against the wall pulling Angel close to him, reaching for his comm..

"Tycho? Trak? Brad? Anyone hear me? If you can come to the south end, we need back up!"

Thrawn saw what appeared to be an outline in the wall, pushing around the edges, a metal door slides open. Cautiously Thrawn crawls through the opening. Voices were heard in the distance.

"Seems your Imperial friends have found our little hideaway, so we have to move on." the Rebel yells as he grabs Skittles roughly by the arm. Skittles tries to resist.. "Aww.. too bad for you, they will find us and you will be dead!"

"In your dreams honey!!" the Rebel say as he pulls skittles close to the door.

"Well looks like her dream came true!! Let her go Rebel Scum!!" The Rebel turns pulling his blaster and aiming at skittles. "Go ahead Imperial, let’s see what you are gonna do now."

Thrawn winks at Skittles, "Let her go or you die!" The Rebel pulls Skittles closer to him holding the blaster at her back.. "What are you gonna do?? NOTHING!!! laughs the Rebel as he slowly backs toward the door. Skittles softly nods to Thrawn as she slowly pulls her left arm up. Thrawn acknowledges while indiscreetly reaching for his blaster. Skittles throws her elbow into the Rebel as Thrawn fires his blaster. The Rebel throws Skittles to the ground as he fires back at Thrawn, Thrawn dodges the blast as his shot penetrates the Rebel.

Thrawn rushes over to Skittles pulling her up. Skittles embraces Thrawn, "Thank you for saving my life" tears fall down Skittles cheek. Thrawn brushes the tears from Skittles bruised face, "Shhhh.. Don’t cry, it’s ok now. Are you all right?"

Skittles looks into Thrawn’s eyes, "I am now! Please get me out of here."

Tycho, Trak and Brad find Angel and DarkRaptor sitting on the ground, blood everywhere. Tycho rushes over,

"Angel.. are you ok?" Angel nods half unconscious.

"Hey I need you guys to go ahead and help Thrawn," DarkRaptor says pointing down the hallway, "But I need one of you to stay and help be get Angel back to our ship."

Trak nods, "I will stay."

DarkRaptor and Trak pull Angel up helping her walk to the tunnel. DarkRaptor gets in first holding Angel by the shoulders pulling her gently through as Trak covers from behind. Once they reach the end, DarkRaptor and Trak help Angel back toward the ship.

Brad and Tycho start down the hallway. Hearing something coming they pull their blasters, waiting to the side they see it is Skittles and Thrawn. "Hurry! let’s get out of here, the Rebels are coming." Yells Thrawn as they rush down the hall.

The three of them make it through the tunnel. Catching up to Angel, DarkRaptor and Trak they warn them about the Rebels.

"Better find some cover, we are not gonna make it back to the ship in time" Tycho shouts as he guides the others toward some rocks. Tycho helps DarkRaptor set Angel in between some rocks, "You stay here! We will take care of them" DarkRaptor says as he grabs Angel’s blaster and hands it to Skittles.

Before too long the Rebels were racing across, looking for them. At the first sight, The six of them fired their blasters at the Rebels. Several blasts were exchanged, at first it seemed like they were getting nowhere. Skittles, Thrawn and DarkRaptor covered Tycho, Trak and Brad as they took a better position behind the Rebels. Shots were flying everywhere. Before they knew it the Rebels fell one by one. "Yahoo.. we got em!" They all cheered! Skittles ran over to Angel.. "Hey you doing ok? Thanks for not giving up and finding me." Angel smiled and hugged Skittles

"Yeah I am doing just fine.. now that I know you are back safe with us."

Skittles and Thrawn helped Angel up. They walked over to the rest of them. "Well guys, I say we had a good day here.. Now can we please get back to base!" Angel grins. The seven of them walk back to the ship........ Once again the Imperials beat the Rebels!

Today we’ll look at why people want to join the Emperor’s Hammer, what different characteristics they have, and how to treat them. Together with all these, is the fact that motivation is constantly taken into account.

(II) CAREER PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

Definition

Before we begin, we need to understand some terms regarding our topic today.

Career is a general course (series of positions) that a pilot chooses to pursue throughout his or her working life (long term goal).

Career Planning is an ongoing process whereby an officer sets career goals and identifies the means to achieve them.

Career Path is a flexible line of movement through which an officer may move during his service in the EH. Career Development is a formal approach taken by the EH to ensure people with the proper qualifications and experience are available when needed..

Please note that officers change constantly and view their careers differently at various stages of their lives.

Why People Enlist

Career Anchors are different motives that account for the way people select and prepare for a career.
(a) Managerial Competence

· The career goal of flag officers and above is to develop qualities of interpersonal, analytical, and emotional competence.

· People using this anchor want to manage and command people.
(b) Technical/Functional Competence

· The anchor for technicians is the continuous development of technical talent.

· These individuals do not seek high commanding positions.
(c) Security

· The anchor for security-conscious individuals is to stabilize their career situations.

· They often see themselves tied to a particular squadron or ship.
(d) Creativity

· Creative individuals are somewhat entrepreneurial in their attitude.

· They want to create or build something that is entirely their own.
(e) Autonomy and Independence

· The career anchor for independent people is a desire to be free from organizational constraints.

· They value autonomy and want to be their own boss and work at their own pace.

Implications

The implications of all these for CMDRs is that they must know which of their men have joined the EH for what purposes. Different people have different needs, and their needs also differ in terms of the level of needs. The same two people may have different levels of the same need.

Knowing this is important because it will help to know who to utilize under specific circumstances. This also helps the CMDR to know how to motivate certain people. Not everyone wants to be CMDRs, not everyone wants to fly battles, not everyone wants to make websites.

Types of Officers

Officers in the Corporate Division (CD) typically join the EH to improve their technical competence and for creativity. They want to learn new things, like new programming languages, new ways of making spacecraft, editing, and the like. They may not value commanding positions highly as these positions are more administrative and take up their precious time. That doesn’t mean that they are inactive or not capable. They just want time to create ships.

Officers who are great graphic designers also join the EH for creativity. They also would prefer some autonomy, and hence would prefer to be a FM or FL so that they can concentrate on designing medals, websites, patches and so on. Again, they prefer not to be too bogged down by administrative stuff. Freelance Smugglers also prefer autonomy.

Officers who are great pilots just want to fly. They are the ones who can really complete about 50 battles in a month or so. Please note that just because they fly a lot doesn’t mean they make good CMDRs or WCs.

Officers who join the EH for sociality often do not want to be moved around too much. Once they are stuck in a squadron, wing or ship, they like it there. They feel that they have established a social link and would not want to take the trouble to get adjusted somewhere else.

There are also some officers who like to be taken charge of rather to take charge. They like to have a mixture of freedom and leadership.

Lastly, officers who are really serious about a commanding position really like to command people above anything else. They may not be good programmers, designers or frequent flyers, but if they can make the squadron tick through efficient implementation of methods, then they should be the ones leading.

Motivation and Training

Once CMDRs identify these people, things become less complex. Better decisions can be made now. For example, it makes no sense to force someone who can design ships or webpages well but is a flop in commanding to be a CMDR. It also doesn’t make sense to ask someone with administrative skills and personal skills to make a website. Different people are available in each squadron to do different things. By recognizing these implications, it is possible for a CMDR to have skilled technical people and good leaders at the same time.

Since people are motivated differently, CMDRs should award people differently too. For example, the right awards should be given to the right people. Frequent flyers would like to be rewarded for their flying, so Commendations of Bravery or Loyalty would be nice. Technical people would probably be rewarded by a merit medal for a big project undertaken, like maybe a website for the ship or wing, or even a squadron. Officers who consistently show potential should be given rank promotions, while position promotions are reserved for those who can really lead.

I’m not saying that merit medals are only for technicians. I’m just saying that people may deserve the same award even by doing different things. It is important to maintain equity, though.

Equity

Equity is officers’ perceptions that they are being treated fairly.

External Equity exists when a officers in a squadron are rewarded comparably to officers who perform similar tasks and projects in other squadrons.

Internal Equity exists when officers are rewarded according to the relative value of their work within the squadron.

Officer Equity exists when officers performing similar tasks for the same squadron are rewarded according to factors unique to the officer, such as performance level or seniority.

Flight Equity is achieved when more active flight groups are rewarded greater than less active flight groups.

Development Roles

Individual Officers

Officers are ultimately responsible for their lives here in the EH. Hence, they should accept responsibility for their careers. They should constantly assess their skills, interests and values, and see how they can constantly add value to the squadron and to the EH.

Squadron Commanders

CMDRs should provide timely feedback, information on training opportunities (like IWATS and IWATS IIC), and new promotional opportunities. They can also encourage their men to join the DB. If they find out that their men are not suitable as Tie Corps officers, they should arrange for these men to join other subgroups of the EH (like the BHG, SG, CD, IW, Stormtrooper Legion etc…)

The Emperor’s Hammer

The EH constantly communicates missions, policies and procedures, as well as provides ample training and development opportunities. The EH also provides a wide variety of career options in the form of subgroups and information on these are readily available.

In this lecture, we’ll see how CMDRs or WCs should evaluate those under them. Specifically, we’ll discuss the ways to evaluate them, and the problems to avoid. Many times, someone is being promoted even though there are others who are more capable than he. This is because CMDRs don’t evaluate their men fairly.

(II) PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

A formal system of periodic review and evaluation of an officer’s or flight group’s performance.

Appraisal Period

The appraisal period should be done monthly or quarterly.

Problems

Most often, CMDRs evaluate their men wrongly. Some of these problems are listed below.

Lack of Objectivity

· Factors such as attitude, loyalty, and personality are difficult to measure.

· These factors may have little to do with an officer’s performance.

Halo Error

· CMDR perceives one factor as having paramount importance and gives a good or bad overall rating to an officer based on this one factor.

Leniency/Strictness

· Leniency refers to giving undeserved high ratings.

· Strictness refers to being unduly critical of an officer’s work performance.

Central Tendency

· Occurs when officers are incorrectly rated near the average or middle of the scale.

Recent Behavior Bias

· CMDR remembers recent behavior more clearly than actions from the more distant past.

Personal Bias

· CMDRs may have biases related to their officers’ personal characteristics, such as race, religion, gender, or age.

Judgmental Role of Evaluator

· Manipulation of evaluations by CMDRs to justify their own promotion decisions.

Characteristics of an Effective Appraisal System

· Performance-related Criteria

· Performance Expectations

· Standardization

· Qualified Appraisers

· Open Communication

(III) PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Many a times, officers just thought that as long as they suck up to the CMDR, they will get promoted. Things should change. Below are a few recommendations on the various people who can do the appraisal and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Squadron Commander

(a) Advantages

· CMDRs are usually in the best position to observe officer’s performance.

(b) Disadvantages

· CMDR may emphasize certain aspects of performance and neglect others.

· CMDRs may manipulate evaluations

Subordinates

(a) Advantages

· FLs will become especially conscious of the flight group’s needs and will do a better job of managing.

(b) Disadvantages

· FLs may be caught up in a popularity contest

· FMs may be fearful of reprisal.

Peers

(a) Advantages

· Know each other’s performance better than anyone.

· Peer pressure is a powerful motivator for flight members.

· Members may show increased commitment and productivity

· Involves numerous opinions and is not dependent upon one individual

(b) Disadvantages

· More time required in conducting appraisal

· Difficulty in distinguishing between individual and flight contributions

· Members may feel uncomfortable appraising their co-officers.

Group Appraisal (CMDR plus WC)

(a) Advantages

· Injects a degree of objectivity by utilizing outside parties.

(b) Disadvantages

· WC may not know FLs and FMs as well as CMDR

· Difficult to get CMDRs and WCs together for a group appraisal.

Self-Appraisal

(a) Advantages

· People know themselves best

· They will criticize themselves and take action needed to improve.

· They may become more motivated.

(b) Disadvantages

· Tendency to cheat.

Combinations

Self-explanatory.

(IV) PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL METHODS

As there is no best way to appraise anyone, a suggested guide is recommended below. Please note that these things should be done in sequence, and they are not independent of each other. You have to do all of them to make it beneficial.

Rating Scales

This method rates officers according to defined factors.

· Judgments about performance are recorded on a scale.

· The factors chosen for evaluation are typically of two types: job-related and personal characteristics.

Critical Incidents

Requires that written records be kept of highly favorable and highly unfavorable work actions.

Work Standards

This method compares each officer’s performance to a predetermined standard or expected level of output.

Ranking

The CMDR finally places all officers from a group in rank order of overall performance

· Paired Comparison. is a variation of the ranking method in which the performance of each officer is compared with every other officer in that position.

Management By Objectives

Officers jointly establish objectives with their CMDRs, who then give them latitude in how to achieve the objectives.

· At the end of the appraisal period, the officer and CMDR meet for an appraisal interview (via email).

· They first review the extent to which the objectives have been achieved and then review the actions needed to solve remaining problems.

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